If you have been reading about heptapeptide and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Updated 2026-07-23. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It corresponds to the ACTH(4-7) fragment extended at the C-terminus by a Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide, an addition intended to slow enzymatic breakdown. The molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and the molecular mass is approximately 814 daltons. In the literature it is often described as an ACTH(4-10) analog, although that label reflects a naming convention as much as a precise structural relationship. The compound was developed in Russia and remains most closely associated with that research tradition.
Laboratory descriptions of the material are consistent across suppliers. It appears as a white to off-white lyophilized powder that dissolves readily in water and in polar organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide. Aqueous solutions are clear and colorless at low concentrations. Because the peptide contains methionine, oxidation at the sulfur atom is a recognized degradation pathway, and handling notes usually call for protected, desiccated storage. Reported purity for research-grade lots is generally above 95 percent as measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
当时的短肽研究普遍关注能否穿越血脑屏障、在低剂量下产生中枢效应，Semax 属于这一路线。鼻内给药是其主要使用方式，俄语文献报道的适应症涵盖缺血性卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作、认知功能减退以及视神经病变。这些研究大多发表在当地期刊上，样本规模与终点设置同西方试验惯例存在差异，国际同行对其临床证据的强度看法不一。
各国监管态度分化明显。俄罗斯按处方药管理，部分东欧国家留有使用记录；欧盟与美国未批准其作为药物上市，市面流通品通常标注为研究用化学品。身份差异意味着标示含量、纯度与无菌性缺少统一核查。体育领域还牵涉反兴奋剂名录，跨境携带则受目的地药品法规约束。
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C37H51N9O10S | Contains one methionine sulfur atom |
| Molecular mass | Approximately 814 Da | Consistent with a seven-residue peptide |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical lyophilized form |
| Solubility | Freely soluble in water | Also soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated | Limits methionine oxidation |
Regulatory status differs sharply between jurisdictions. In Russia the peptide is registered as a prescription nasal preparation, while agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration have not approved it for any indication. Products sold elsewhere are typically labeled for laboratory research only, and such labels shift responsibility for safe handling to the purchaser. Because the same name covers pharmaceutical-grade nasal drops and bulk research powder, identity and purity documentation becomes the main practical concern when comparing sources.
Semax is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide whose sequence extends the ACTH(4-10) fragment with a C-terminal proline-glycine-proline tripeptide. The commonly cited sequence is Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro, giving a molecular formula near C37H51N9O10S and a molecular weight close to 813.9 g/mol. It belongs to the broader class of synthetic ACTH fragments studied for central nervous system effects rather than for adrenal steroid stimulation. In practice the material appears as a lyophilized white powder for laboratory work or as a dilute saline solution in clinical settings.
Development is attributed to researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow during the early 1980s, building on earlier Soviet work with ACTH fragments. Russian regulatory approval followed for intranasal use, and the compound has remained commercially available there for decades. Most published human data originate from Russian and, later, some Eastern European clinical reports, which are not always accessible in English translation. Outside that region the material is generally handled as a research chemical rather than a licensed medicine.
Published research on this peptide originates mainly from Russian laboratories, and the wider international literature is comparatively thin. Studies have used rodent models of stroke, hypoxia, and memory tasks, with a smaller number of human trials reported. Reported outcomes include changes in attention and memory measures, along with effects on neurotrophic factor expression in some experiments. Small sample sizes, inconsistent dosing protocols, and limited independent replication are widely noted limitations, so the strength of the clinical evidence remains an open question.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide whose sequence is Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. The first four residues correspond to the ACTH(4-10) fragment, while the terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension was added to improve metabolic stability. Its molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and its monoisotopic mass is approximately 813.9 Da. The compound is classified as a peptide research chemical and as a registered pharmaceutical product in Russia, but it does not hold marketing approval in the European Union or the United States. Naming conventions vary across supplier catalogs.
=== Sales === Antipsychotics were once among the biggest selling and most profitable of all drugs, generating $22 billion in global sales in 2008. By 2003 in the US, an estimated 3.21 million patients received antipsychotics, worth an estimated $2.82 billion. Over 2/3 of prescriptions were for the newer, more expensive atypicals, each costing on average $164 per year, compared to $40 for the older types. By 2008, sales in the US reached $14.6 billion, the biggest selling drugs in the US by therapeutic class. In the five years since July 2017 the number of antipsychotic medicines dispensed in the community in the United Kingdom has increased by 11.2%. There have also been substantial price rises. Risperidone 6 mg tablets, the largest, increased from £3.09 in July 2017 to £41.16 in June 2022. The NHS is spending an additional £33 million annually on antipsychotics. Haloperidol 500 microgram tablets constituted £14.3 million of this.
==== Beverage ==== In 1966, the company bought a 53% controlling stake in Miller Brewing for $36 million from Lorraine Mulberger, the granddaughter of Frederick Miller, who sold the stake for religious reasons. The company sold the Miller stake in 1969 to Philip Morris for $130 million, after first cancelling an agreed-upon sale to PepsiCo for $120 million. This resulted in a lawsuit.
In a letter to Chancellor Rachel Reeves, a group of the UK's high street retailers has warned the "cumulative burden" of tax rises announced in the October budget, as well as other policies already in the pipeline, will add billions in costs to the retail sector and put jobs at risk. The UK government estimates that 50,000 pensioners will be living in poverty in 2025 as a result of cuts to winter fuel payments. 20 November Inflation rises from 1.7% to 2.3%, its highest level in six months, driven by rising energy costs. Harrods' newly appointed survivors' advocate Dame Jasvinder Sanghera tells BBC Radio 4's The World at One that Mohamed Al Fayed's sexual abuse could be "something on the scale of Jimmy Savile". UK-supplied Storm Shadow missiles, with a significantly longer range than earlier weapons, are reportedly used for the first time by Ukraine to strike inside Russia. Defence Secretary John Healey announces the early decommissioning of some older defence equipment, such as ships, drones and helicopters in order to save £500m, and despite an "increasing global threat" facing the UK. 21 November A Briton, 28-year-old Simone White, is among those reported to have died in a mass poisoning in Laos. A report by the Charity Commission into activities at the Captain Sir Tom Moore Foundation finds that Hannah and Colin Ingram-Moore (Moore's daughter and son-in-law) benefited from their association with the charity, including money from a £1.4m book deal paid to a family company, not to the Foundation.
Very Common (> 10% incidence) adverse effects Confusion Constipation (usually transient, but can persist in some) Decreased memory Diarrhea (usually transient, but can persist in some) Dry mouth ECG changes – usually benign changes in T waves Hand tremor (usually transient, but can persist in some) with an incidence of 27%. If severe, the psychiatrist may lower lithium dosage, change lithium salt type or modify lithium preparation from long to short-acting (despite lacking evidence for these procedures) or use pharmacological help Headache Hyperreflexia – overresponsive reflexes Leukocytosis – elevated white blood cell count Muscle weakness (usually transient, but can persist in some) Myoclonus – muscle twitching Nausea (usually transient) Polydipsia – increased thirst Polyuria – increased urination Renal (kidney) toxicity which may lead to chronic kidney failure, although some cases may be misattributed Vomiting (usually transient, but can persist in some) Vertigo Common (1–10%) adverse effects Acne Extrapyramidal side effects – movement-related problems such as muscle rigidity, parkinsonism, dystonia, etc. Euthyroid goitre – i.e. the formation of a goitre despite normal thyroid functioning Hypothyroidism – a deficiency of thyroid hormone. Common among bipolar patients; lithium increases rates. Hair loss/hair thinning Weight gain – 5% incidence, tends to start fast and then plateau. Usually ends at 1–2 kg. A 2022 systematic review and meta-analysis show an insignificant amount of weight gain of 0.462 kg, with higher weight gain associated with shorter use periods.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Incident and aftermath == RaDonda Vaught began work as a nurse at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in December 2015. On December 24, 2017, 75-year-old Charlene Murphey was admitted to the hospital for a subdural hematoma. Two days later, Vaught, a registered nurse, was instructed to administer Versed (midazolam, a sedating drug) to Murphey, but instead administered vecuronium (a paralyzing drug). Murphey was to be given Versed prior to an MRI scan. Vaught initially tried to withdraw Versed from an automated dispensing cabinet which was designed to communicate with the hospital's Medication Administration Record (MAR). Though an order for the intended medication (Versed) was present in Murphey's MAR, Vaught "couldn't find [it] in Murphey's profile" in the dispensing cabinet after typing "VE" into its search function without realizing she should have been looking for its generic name, midazolam. Vaught then triggered an override that unlocked a much larger swath of medications and then searched for "VE" again, and selected the first medication in the list (vecuronium). Vaught claimed that using overrides was a common and daily occurrence; other witnesses similarly testified that technical issues and delays at medication cabinets were common, and that "nurses could use overrides to overcome those delays." Vaught looked at the back of the vial and saw that it needed to be reconstituted, but did not look at the front of the vial to verify that it was, indeed, Versed. Vaught proceeded to reconstitute the vial, went to the imaging unit, and administered a dose to Murphey.
=== Fraud === Tea is a common target of food fraud. Lower cost ingredients may be substituted for tea, or a tea may be adulterated with undeclared and possibly toxic colors and flavours. The origin of the tea, picking season, and the processing techniques may be intentionally misidentified. Tea powders which undergo additional processing are more susceptible to food fraud.
Oltipraz has been shown to suppress tumor formation in multiple rodent tissues, including the bladder, colon, liver, lung, and pancreas, by upregulating NRF2-dependent detoxification pathways. However, clinical trials of oltipraz have failed to demonstrate clear therapeutic benefit and have reported significant toxicities, including neurotoxicity and gastrointestinal disturbances. Additionally, oltipraz has been found to generate superoxide radicals, which may offset its NRF2-mediated protective effects. MIND4-17 is a selective NRF2 activator which is used for research into this pathway.
== tRNA biogenesis == In eukaryotic cells, tRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase III as pre-tRNAs in the nucleus. RNA polymerase III recognizes two highly conserved downstream promoter sequences: the 5′ intragenic control region (5′-ICR, D-control region, or A box), and the 3′-ICR (T-control region or B box) inside tRNA genes. The first promoter begins at +8 of mature tRNAs and the second promoter is located 30–60 nucleotides downstream of the first promoter. The transcription terminates after a stretch of four or more thymidines.
As with other chemical reactions, the reaction rate and efficiency of PCR are affected by limiting factors. Thus, the entire PCR process can further be divided into three stages based on reaction progress:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is registered as a pharmaceutical product in Russia, where it is typically supplied as a nasal solution. In most other countries it is not an approved drug and is traded as a research chemical instead. Approval status depends entirely on the jurisdiction involved.
Most published work uses intranasal administration, matching the route of the registered Russian formulation. Some animal experiments use intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. The route matters because the intact peptide is cleared rapidly from blood, so exposure differs between methods.
A purity value describes the share of the powder accounted for by the target peptide, usually by high-performance liquid chromatography. It does not confirm that the sequence is correct, which requires mass spectrometry or amino acid analysis. Purity and identity are separate checks.
不存在。它是依据 ACTH 的一段序列人工设计的分子，天然蛋白质中找不到与之完全相同的七肽。名称属于研究代号，而非天然物质名。